Epoxy Core with Expandable Microspheres

ABSTRACT

A method of fabricating a formed structure with expandable polymeric shell microspheres. A first plurality of polymeric shell microspheres are heated from an unexpanded state to an expanded state to form a plurality of expanded microspheres. The plurality of expanded microspheres are mixed with an epoxy resin and a second plurality of unexpanded polymeric shell microspheres. The mixture is formed in a shape to create a preform. The preform is wrapped with fiber tape to create a wrapped preform. The wrapped preform is placed in a mold. The mold is heated and the second plurality of unexpanded microspheres expand from an unexpanded state to an expanded state. The mold is cooled and the formed structure is removed from the mold.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. Non-Provisionalpatent application Ser. No. 16/185,862 filed Nov. 9, 2018 which is acontinuation application of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser.No. 15/346,403 filed Nov. 8, 2016 which is a divisional application ofU.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 12/048,941 filed Mar.14, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,802,369 issued Oct. 31, 2017, which isincorporated herein fully by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to fabrication of molded structures.More particularly, aspects of this invention relate to hockey bladesmolded from a core that includes expandable thermoplastic microspheres.

BACKGROUND

Typical hockey stick blades are generally made of a core reinforced withone or more layers of synthetic materials such as fiberglass, carbonfiber or Aramid. The core of the blade may also be made of a syntheticmaterial reinforced with layers of fibers. The layers may be made of awoven filament fiber, preimpregnated with resin. Prior art structureshave included a foam core with a piece of fiber on the front face of theblade and a second piece of fiber on the rear face of the blade, in themanner of pieces of bread in a sandwich.

SUMMARY

The following presents a general summary of aspects of the invention inorder to provide a basic understanding of the invention and variousfeatures of it. This summary is not intended to limit the scope of theinvention in any way, but it simply provides a general overview andcontext for the more detailed description that follows.

Aspects of this invention relate to systems and methods for fabricatinga formed structure. In one aspect of the invention, a formed structureis fabricated with expandable polymeric shell microspheres. A firstplurality of polymeric shell microspheres are heated from an unexpandedstate to an expanded state to form a plurality of expanded microspheres.The expanded microspheres are mixed with a plurality of expandedmicrospheres with an epoxy resin and a second plurality of unexpandedpolymeric shell microspheres to create a mixture. The mixture is formedin a shape such a hockey stick blade to create a preform. The preform iswrapped with fiber tape preimpregnated with resin to create a wrappedpreform. The wrapped preform is placed in a mold. The mold is heated,expanding the second plurality of unexpanded microspheres from anunexpanded state to an expanded state. The mold is cooled and the formedstructure is removed from the mold.

The preform comprises a first face surface, a second face surface, afirst edge surface and a second edge surface, and the fiber tape extendscontinuously around the first face surface, the first edge surface, thesecond face surface and the second edge surface. The mixture furthercomprises a chopped fiber and a curing agent.

In another aspect of the invention, a first plurality of polymeric shellmicrospheres are heated from an unexpanded state to a partially expandedstate to form a plurality of expanded microspheres. The partiallyexpanded microspheres are mixed with a plurality of expandedmicrospheres with an epoxy resin and a second plurality of unexpandedpolymeric shell microspheres to create a mixture. The mixture is formedin a shape such a hockey stick blade to create a preform. The preform iswrapped with fiber tape preimpregnated with resin to create a wrappedpreform. The wrapped preform is placed in a mold. The mold is heated,expanding the first plurality of partially expanded microspheres and thesecond plurality of unexpanded microspheres from an unexpanded state toan expanded state. The mold is cooled and the formed structure isremoved from the mold.

The preform comprises a first face surface, a second face surface, afirst edge surface and a second edge surface, the tape extendingcontinuously around the first face surface, the first edge surface, thesecond face surface and the second edge surface. The mixture furthercomprises chopped fiber and a curing agent.

Another aspect of the invention is an expandable core comprising epoxy,a curing agent, gas encapsulated polymeric shell microspheres expandedby heating to a diameter of about 40-50 microns, and unexpanded,expandable gas encapsulated polymeric shell microspheres about 10-12microns in diameter. The core further includes chopped fiber.

Other objects and features of the invention will become apparent byreference to the following description and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete understanding of the present invention and certainadvantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the followingdetailed description in consideration with the accompanying drawings, inwhich:

FIG. 1 generally illustrates an isometric side view of a core formed inthe shape of a blade and wrapped with tape;

FIG. 2 is an isometric side view of the core with a cross sectional viewtaken along line 2-2 of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating steps of a process to fabricate ablade in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating steps of a process to fabricate ablade in accordance with another exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 5 is an isometric side view of a core formed in the shape of ablade and wrapped with tape in a configuration different than that ofFIG. 1; and

FIG. 6 is an isometric side view of a core formed in the shape of ablade and wrapped with tape in a configuration different than that ofFIG. 1 and FIG. 5;

The reader is advised that the attached drawings are not necessarilydrawn to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description of various example structures in accordancewith the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings,which form a part hereof, and in which are shown by way of illustrationvarious structures in accordance with the invention. Additionally, it isto be understood that other specific arrangements of parts andstructures may be utilized, and structural and functional modificationsmay be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.Also, while the terms “top” and “bottom” and the like may be used inthis specification to describe various example features and elements ofthe invention, these terms are used herein as a matter of convenience,e.g., based on the example orientations shown in the figures and/or theorientations in typical use. Nothing in this specification should beconstrued as requiring a specific three dimensional or spatialorientation of structures in order to fall within the scope of thisinvention.

In general, as described above, aspects of this invention relate tosystems and methods for fabricating a structure, such as a hockey stickblade. More detailed descriptions of aspects of this invention follow.

FIG. 1 illustrates a side view of an epoxy core 20 formed in the shapeof a blade and wrapped with tape 22. FIG. 2 is a cross sectional viewtaken along line 2-2 of FIG. 1, which shows the tape 22 wrappedcontinuously around the core 20.

The epoxy core 20 is formed with microspheres. In one embodiment,“Expancell” microspheres are used. In the formation of thesemicrospheres, a drop of a hydrocarbon, liquid isobutene, is encapsulatedin a gasproof, polymeric thermoplastic shell. When this microsphere isexposed to heat, the shell softens and the hydrocarbon inside the shellincreases its pressure, expanding the shell. Before expansion, thediameter of the microsphere is typically 10-12 um and the density is1000-1200 kg/m3. After expansion, the diameter of the microsphere is40-50 um and the density decreases to 20-30 kg/m3.

The temperature at which expansion starts as well as the temperature atwhich the maximum expansion and the lowest density is obtained dependson a variety of factors including the rate of heating of the shells. Attemperatures above the temperature at which the highest expansion isobtained the microspheres gradually collapse.

The microspheres are highly resilient. The expanded microspheres areeasy to compress. Due to this resiliency, the microspheres can withstandcycles of loading/unloading without collapsing or breaking. Thisproperty is important for use in shock absorbent materials.

Thermoplastic microspheres are distinct from glass microballoons. Glassmicroballoons are heavier than thermoplastic microballoons.Additionally, glass microballoons do not exhibit the same dampeningproperties as thermoplastic microballoons. For these reasons,thermoplastic microspheres are preferred over glass microballoons in themanufacture of hockey stick blade, which must be lightweight, flexibleand capable of withstanding considerable forces.

As a first step in one embodiment of the process, a group of expandablemicrospheres are heated and they expand from their original size to anexpanded size. The expanded microspheres have a diameter of 60-120 um.

The expanded microspheres are then mixed with unexpanded microspheres.This combination of expanded and unexpanded microspheres is mixed withan epoxy material, such as Epon828. Other strengthening materials, suchas aramid pulp, chopped fiber glass or chopped carbon fiber are alsoadded to the mixture. Carbon nanotubes can also be added enhancestiffness and shear strength. A curing agent is also added to themixture. The final epoxy mixture has the consistency of modeling clay.

The mixture of the expanded microspheres, the unexpanded microspheres,the epoxy, the other strengthening materials and the curing agent isthen formed in the shape of a preform, such as a hockey blade. As shownin FIG. 2, the preform has a first face surface 30, a first edge 32, asecond face surface 34, and a second edge 36.

The structure is then wrapped with carbon fiber tape 22. The carbonfiber tape 22 is preimpregnated with resin. The tape 22 is wrappedcontinuously around the first face surface 30, the first edge 32, thesecond face surface 34 and the second edge 36. This continuous wrappingof the preform 20 with the tape 22 results in a first wrapped face 40, asecond wrapped face 44, a top wrapped edge 42 and a bottom wrapped edge46.

The tape may be wrapped in various configurations around the core, suchas shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. The tape may be wrapped at a 30 or 45degree angle to the longitudinal axis of the blade, as shown in FIG. 5.A second layer of preimpregnated may be wrapped at a 90 degree angle tothe tape, as shown in FIG. 6.

As shown in FIG. 1, the core includes a toe 45. The tape 22 extendsaround the entire core, to the end of the toe 45, but for purposes ofmore clearly illustrating the invention in FIG. 1, the tape 22 is notshown extending to the end of the toe 45 of the core.

The use of tape wrapped continuously around the entire epoxy preformcore, including the edges, is advantageous over a sandwichconfiguration, where the tape does not continuously extend of over theedges, for several reasons. A hockey blade must be very durable andcapable of withstanding large forces from a variety of directions. Forexample, the hockey blade can encounter considerable forces, such asfrom striking a puck or the surface of the ice in multiple manners andangles. Thus, the core needs reinforcement in all directions. The wrapconfiguration results in a torsionally stiffer and stronger structure.The wrap configuration also is better able to withstand shear forces.

The wrapped structure is then placed in a mold. The mold is heated to anappropriate temperature. In one embodiment, the mold is heated to 140degrees C. Upon heating, the epoxy softens. Additionally, the unexpandedmicrospheres expand with this additional hearing. The epoxy,microspheres, the other materials bond to each other and also bond tothe carbon fiber tape in the mold.

The mold is cooled and the formed blade is removed from the mold.

The unexpanded microspheres are required to produce enough pressure onthe outer walls of the structure. Without sufficient pressure during themolding process, the walls will be wrinkled and/or have large numbers ofvoids and/or other imperfections. The expanded microspheres increase theviscosity of the material, making a more stable pre-form during thekitting operation. Also, the expanded microspheres allow for a largervolume pre-form, which is closer to the final geometry of the part. Thisis advantageous because it allows less movement (and more precision) ofthe structural fibers during the molding process.

The combination of expanded and unexpanded (or partially expanded) isimportant because it provides a high viscosity material which producesenough pressure to compress/consolidate the carbon fibers walls aroundit.

In one embodiment, the core comprises the following materials(parts/weight):

Base epoxy (Epon 828): 100

Chopped fiber, e.g., Aramid Pulp 3091 (from Teijin): 2.5

Hardener (curing agent): 14.82

Expancel (pre-expanded) 092DET80d20: 2

Expancel (unexpanded) 051DU40: 2.5

The steps of this embodiment of the process are illustrated in FIG. 3.As shown at 202, a first plurality of polymeric shell microspheres areheated from an unexpanded state to an expanded state to form a pluralityof expanded microspheres. As shown at 204, the plurality of expandedmicrospheres are mixed with an epoxy resin, chopped fiber, curing agentand a second plurality of unexpanded polymeric shell microspheres tocreate a mixture. The mixture is formed in a shape to create a preform,such as a hockey blade, as shown at 206. The preform is wrapped withfiber tape to create a wrapped preform as shown at 208. The preformcomprises a first face surface, a second face surface, a first edgesurface and a second edge surface, and the fiber tape extendscontinuously around the first face surface, the first edge surface, thesecond face surface and the second edge surface. The wrapped preform isplaced in a mold as shown at 210. The mold is heated and the secondplurality of unexpanded microspheres expand from an unexpanded state toan expanded state as shown at 212. The mold is cooled as shown at 214,and the formed structure is removed from the mold as shown at 216.

As a first step in another embodiment of the process, a group ofexpandable microspheres are heated and they partially expand from theiroriginal size to a larger size, but not to their full size. Thepartially expanded microspheres have a diameter of 60-90 um.

The partially expanded microspheres are then mixed with unexpandedmicrospheres. This combination of partially expanded and unexpandedmicrospheres is mixed with an epoxy material, such as Epon828. Otherstrengthening materials, such as aramid pulp, chopped fiber glass orchopped carbon fiber are also added to the mixture. Carbon nanotubes canalso be added enhance stiffness and shear strength. A curing agent isalso added to the mixture. The final epoxy mixture has the consistencyof modeling clay.

The mixture of the partially expanded microspheres, the unexpandedmicrospheres, the epoxy, the other strengthening materials and thecuring agent is then formed in the shape of a preform, such as a hockeyblade. As shown in FIG. 2, the preform has a first face surface 30, afirst edge 32, a second face surface 34, and a second edge 36.

The structure is then wrapped with carbon fiber tape 22. The carbonfiber tape is preimpregnated with resin. The tape is wrappedcontinuously around the first face surface 30, the first edge 32, thesecond face surface 34 and the second edge 36. This continuous wrappingof the preform 20 with the tape 22 results in a first wrapped face 40, asecond wrapped face 44, a top wrapped edge 42 and a bottom wrapped edge46.

The use of tape wrapped continuously around the entire epoxy preformcore, including the edges, is advantageous over a sandwichconfiguration, where the tape does not continuously extend of over theedges, for several reasons. A hockey blade must very durable and capableof withstanding large forces from a variety of directions. For example,the hockey blade can encounter considerable forces, such as fromstriking a puck or the surface of the ice in a multiple manners andangles. Thus, the core needs reinforcement in all directions. The wrapconfiguration results in a torsionally stiffer and stronger structure.The wrap configuration also is better able to withstand shear forces.

It is to be understood that the tape need not consist of a singleunitary piece or sheet of material. For example, the tape can consist ofa combination of multiple pieces or sheets that overlap.

The wrapped structure is then placed in a mold. The mold is heated to anappropriate temperature. In one embodiment, the mold is heated to 140degrees C. Upon heating, the epoxy softens. Additionally, the unexpandedmicrospheres, as well as the microspheres that previously were partiallyexpanded, expand further with this additional hearing. The epoxy,microspheres, the other materials bond to each other and also bond tothe carbon fiber tape in the mold.

The mold is cooled and the formed blade is removed from the mold.

The steps of this embodiment of the process are illustrated in FIG. 4.As shown at 302, a first plurality of polymeric shell microspheres areheated from an unexpanded state to a partially expanded state to form aplurality of expanded microspheres. As shown at 304, the plurality ofexpanded microspheres are mixed with an epoxy resin, chopped fiber,curing agent and a second plurality of unexpanded polymeric shellmicrospheres to create a mixture. The mixture is formed in a shape tocreate a preform, such as a hockey blade, as shown at 306. The preformis wrapped with fiber tape to create a wrapped preform as shown at 308.The preform comprises a first face surface, a second face surface, afirst edge surface and a second edge surface, and the fiber tape extendscontinuously around the first face surface, the first edge surface, thesecond face surface and the second edge surface. The wrapped preform isplaced in a mold as shown at 310. As shown at 312, the mold is heated,and the first plurality of partially expanded microspheres expand to anexpanded state, and the second plurality of unexpanded microspheresexpand from an unexpanded state to an expanded state. The mold is cooledas shown at 314, and the formed structure is removed from the mold asshown at 316.

In alternative embodiment, different combinations of core materials areused to create distinct recipes of core mixtures. The different mixturescan be used to create a blade with zones of varying density andstiffness. The bottom of the blade and the heel of the blade aretypically subject to the most force and impact from striking the ice ora hockey puck. Core mixtures with higher density materials can be placedin the areas of the blade subject to greater forces and impacts, such asthe bottom or heel, to create stronger blade regions.

In an alternative embodiment, the core is formed with the epoxy,microspheres and other materials as described, and additionally with afoam insert. The foam insert may be a polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam suchas manufactured under the name Rohacell. A suitable low density PMI foamis RIMA (Resin Infusion Manufacturing Aid) foam. This type of foam is ahigh strength foam that can withstand the shear and impact forces thatresult when a hockey blade strikes a hockey puck. The foam is placed onvarious locations of the blade to create a blade with zones of varyingdensity. The foam may be placed along the top or the toe of the blade toreduce weight.

The reader should understand that these specific examples are set forthmerely to illustrate examples of the invention, and they should not beconstrued as limiting the invention. Many variations in the connectionsystem may be made from the specific structures described above withoutdeparting from this invention.

While the invention has been described in detail in terms of specificexamples including presently preferred modes of carrying out theinvention, those skilled in the art will appreciate that there arenumerous variations and permutations of the above described systems andmethods. Thus, the spirit and scope of the invention should be construedbroadly as set forth in the appended claims.

We claim:
 1. A method of fabricating a hockey stick blade comprising:forming a mixture of microspheres, wherein the mixture forms a viscousfluid material; enclosing the mixture in a carbon fiber material tocreate an enclosed core element; placing at least one foam element ontothe enclosed core element to create a preform; placing the preform in amold; heating the mold and expanding the mixture such that the mixtureexerts pressure on the carbon fiber material; cooling the mold; andremoving a formed structure from the mold.
 2. The method according toclaim 1 wherein the carbon fiber material is preimpregnated with resin.3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the mixture defines an outersurface of the mixture, and wherein the carbon fiber material enclosesthe entire outer surface of the mixture.
 4. The method according toclaim 1 wherein a first plurality of the microspheres in the mixture areabout 10-12 microns in diameter prior to heating, and are expanded to adiameter of about 40-50 microns during heating.
 5. The method accordingto claim 4 wherein the mixture further comprises an epoxy.
 6. The methodaccording to claim 5 wherein the mixture further comprises choppedfiber.
 7. The method according to claim 1 wherein the mixture ofmicrospheres comprises unexpanded microspheres and at least one ofexpanded microspheres and partially expanded microspheres.
 8. The methodaccording to claim 7 wherein the mixture of microspheres furthercomprises an epoxy.
 9. The method according to claim 8 wherein themixture of microspheres further comprises chopped fiber.
 10. The methodaccording to claim 1 wherein the carbon fiber material is woven.
 11. Themethod according to claim 1 wherein the microspheres are thermoplastic.12. The method according to claim 1 wherein the microspheres are glassmicroballoons.
 13. The method according to claim 1 wherein the mixturefurther comprises carbon nanotubes.
 14. A method of fabricating a hockeystick blade comprising: forming a mixture of microspheres, wherein themixture forms a viscous fluid material; placing at least one foamelement adjacent to the mixture to create a preform; enclosing thepreform in a first layer of carbon fiber material to create an enclosedpreform; placing the preform in a mold; heating the mold and expandingthe microspheres such that the mixture exerts pressure on the carbonfiber material; cooling the mold; and removing a formed structure fromthe mold.
 15. The method according to claim 14 wherein the microspheresare thermoplastic.
 16. The method according to claim 14 wherein thecarbon fiber material is preimpregnated with resin.
 17. The methodaccording to claim 14 wherein the mixture comprises unexpandedmicrospheres and at least one of expanded microspheres and partiallyexpanded microspheres.
 18. The method according to claim 14 wherein thefirst layer of carbon fiber material is wrapped around the mixture at a30 to 45 degree angle to a longitudinal axis of the preform.
 19. Themethod according to claim 18 wherein a second layer of carbon fibermaterial is wrapped over the first layer of carbon fiber material atabout a 90 degree angle to the first layer of carbon fiber material. 20.A method of fabricating a hockey stick blade comprising: forming amixture of microspheres, wherein the mixture comprises unexpandedmicrospheres, at least one of expanded microspheres and partiallyexpanded microspheres, and an epoxy, and wherein the mixture defines anouter surface of the mixture; enclosing the entire outer surface of themixture in a woven carbon fiber material to create an enclosed coreelement; placing at least one foam element onto the enclosed coreelement to create a preform; placing the preform in a mold; heating themold and expanding the mixture such that the mixture exerts pressure onthe carbon fiber material; cooling the mold; and removing a formedstructure from the mold.